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APA citation style

It is a citation style used in psychology, nursing, business, communications, engineerings and social sciences.

It requires four elements for every citation which includes:

  • author of the content
  • publish date
  • title
  • publication data

The general guidelines for using this format in citing your sources includes:

Author Names
  • Start with name of the author and invent the names such that the last name comes first, then comma and then the initials and leave a space between the initials.
publish Date
  • place the year between the parenthesis and end it with a period.
Title
  • Capitalize only the first letter of the first word. For a two part title, capitalize the first word of the second part of the title.
  • Capitalize the proper nouns and do not italicize but end with a period

Specifications for a Journal Article

The general format for a journal is:

Author last name, FirstName initial. middleName initial., & Author Name, initial. initial. (Year). Title of the article.Name of the periodical, volume(issue), page. url-link.

Periodical name
  • Capitalize all major words in the periodical names.
  • follow with a comma
  • italicize the periodical name but not the comma after it.
Volume number
  • Italicize the volume number
  • Do not put a space between the volume number and the issue number
issue number
  • Do not italicize the issue number or parenthesis
  • Follow the parenthesis with a comma
  • if there is no issue number, follow the volume number with a comma
page range
  • use an en dash to include page range
  • do not put spaces around the en dash
  • end with a period
Date of issue
  • Include a date of issue for all articles that have one
  • Do not put a period after the date of issue

Specifications for a book

The general format is :

Author, FirstName initial. middleName Initials., & Author, B. B. (Copyright Year). Title of the book (7th ed.).Publisher. DOI or URL

Author Names
  • Invert names so that the last name comes first,followed by a comma and the initials.
  • Leave a space between initials.
  • Retain the order of authors’ names.
Copyright year
  • Place the copyright year in parentheses.
  • End with a period.
Title
  • Capitalize only the first letter of the first word.
  • For a two-part title, capitalize the first word of the second part of the title.
  • Also capitalize proper nouns.
  • Italicize the title.
  • End with a period.
Edition
  • if book has edition or volume include the number in parentheses after the title but before the period.
  • If both, show edition first and volume second, separated by a comma.
  • Do not put a period between the title and the parenthetical information
publisher
  • Include the name of the publisher, followed by a period.
  • Do not include the publisher location.
  • If there multiple publishers , separate them with a semicolon.
Date of Issue
  • Include a DOI if available.
  • Do not include a URL or database information for works from academic research databases.
  • Include a URL for ebooks from other websites.
  • Do not put a period after the DOI or URL.

Citing a chapter in an edited Book

The general format is :

Author, FirstName initial. middleName Initials., & Author, B. B. (Copyright Year). Title of the book chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book (2nd ed., pp. #–#). Publisher. DOI or URL

specific formatting should be:

  • Place the copyright year in parentheses and end with a period.
Title of the book chapter
  • In the title, Capitalize only the first letter of the first word.
  • For a two-part title, capitalize the first word of the second part of the title.
  • Also capitalize proper nouns but do not italicize.
  • End title with a period
Book editors
  • Write the word “In” and the initials and last name of
    each editor.
  • Use “(Ed.)” for one editor or “(Eds.)” for multiple
    editors.
  • End with a comma.
Book Title
  • Provide the title of the book in which the chapter appears.
  • Capitalize only the first letter of the first word.
  • For a two-part title, capitalize the first word of the second part of the title.
  • capitalize proper nouns.
  • Italicize the book title.
Edition and page number
  • Include the chapter page range and with a period.
  • if book book has an edition or volume number, include the number in parentheses before the page range.
  • If both, show edition first and volume second, separated by a comma,
    before the page range.
  • Do not put a period between the title and the parenthetical information.
publisher
  • Include the name of the publisher followed by a period.
  • Do not include the publisher location.
  • If there are multiple publishers, separate them with a semicolon.
DOI and URL
  • Include a DOI if available.
  • Do not include a URL or database information for works from
    academic research databases.
  • Include a URL for ebooks from other websites.
  • Do not put a period after the DOI or URL.

Citing a website

Contributor last name First Name initial, last Name initial, suffix,(publish Date).Title.website name.Date accessed from url

Example:

Njuguna, C. W., Dr. (2024, April 5). Preparing a speech. Easy Simple Learning. Retrieved April 20, 2024, from https://precisestudy.online

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