As a human being, you have to communicate because human beings are social beings that needs constant communication and interacts with each other through communication. Communication helps you to relate effectively with other people and human beings depend on their communication skills to help them meet their needs, find happiness and attain personal fulfillment.In the course of our life, we get involved in many types of communication. A challenge with human communication is to communicate as effectively as possible and to build communication skills so that communication works for you and not against you. Your knowledge of communication theory will help you understand better the different ways of communicating first as a human being and secondly as scholar.
Defining Communication
Different people have defined communication variously. Gamble and Gamble (1993) define communication as a desirable or accidental transfer of meaning.
The Oxford Dictionary defines communication as the activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or process of giving information to people.
Wilber Schramm defines communication as a mechanism through which human relations exist and develop through sharing of experience on basis of commonness.
Another meaning of communication according to Oxford dictionary is methods of sending information especially telephones, radio, computers or other media or through roads, railway and air.
Communication is more than mere transferring of ideas or thoughts. It is not a static act as some definitions suggest but it is a dynamic process of action and interaction towards a desired goal. Recent definitions look at communication as a process of sharing or exchange of ideas, information, knowledge, attitude or feeling among two or more persons through certain signs, symbols and behavior.
Elements of Communication
In every act or encounter of communication, there are certain common elements that together help define the communication process. If you understand these elements they will help you to develop your own communication abilities.
Communication involves the following elements:
Source
This refers to the communicator or originator of a message. This person is also called the sender. The sender at times becomes the receiver of a message. Source is where communication process is initiated.
Context
This refers to place and time communication takes place in some context or setting. The setting or environment influences the way you act towards others or determines the nature of communication encounter you share with them. For example, you can change your posture, manner of speaking or attire due to environment. The environment can reduce your confidence, blur your thinking or increase tension and confusion. In other hand, environment can encourage you to communicate effectively if it is friendly.
Message
message is what is being communicated.
In every communication, we all send and receive both verbal and non-verbal messages. A message is the content of a communication act.
Channel
Channel is where message will pass through in order to move from the sender to the receiver. It refers to the medium of transmission like, voice and radio. Messages may be sent and received through both verbal and non-verbal channels. In effect, we are multi-channel communicators. For effective communication, use more than one channel at any given time.
Receiver
This is the target of the message relayed by the sender through the communication channel and is the one who is supposed to receive and comprehends the message. The receiver can understand or misunderstand the message in totality or part of it. This can distort the whole communication process and even lead to misuderstanding and possible conflicts. A lot of conflicts among people have resulted from misinterpretation of messages. A receiver at times in communication becomes a source or sender.
Feedback
This is the response a message sender receives from the target as the reaction of the message sent. When we communicate with one or more persons, we also receive information in return. Verbal or non-verbal cues that we perceive in reaction to our communication are feedback. Feedback tells us how we are progressing. Feedback can be positive or negative.
Barriers
Anything that interferes or distorts our ability to send or receive messages is called a barrier. It could be created by physical state, psychological state, intellectual ability and environment. Barriers to effective communication can therefore be grouped as follows:
Physical:- for example, size of room, position or location, gestures of speaker in case of verbal communication.
Psychological:– for example predisposition of receiver, attitude to subject, speaker, race, education level. etc.
Intellectual ability: – level of education, background and knowledge on the subject.
Physiological state:- for example, sickness, hungry, tired.
Linguistic: – Ability of the receiver of the communication to understand words and expressions used in the communication.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
Understanding And Insight
We depend on communication to develop self-awareness. Communication helps us in understanding others and self.
Meaningful Relationships
It is through communication contacts that human beings basic physical and social needs are met. Psychology tells us that you need other people just as you need water, food and shelter. If you are cut from human contact, you become disoriented and maladjusted. Communication offers us the chance to satisfy our needs for inclusion, control and affection.
Influence And Persuasion
In every communication, people have ample chances to influence each other subtly and overtly. We spend much time trying to persuade one another to think as we think, do what we do, like what we like.
Si resulta que eres mi chica, me cuentas algo y no recibes respuesta alguna, no creas que no te he escuchado ni entendido. El procesamiento de información dentro de mí es totalmente invisible. Sucede en una caja negra, no os dejéis engañar por mi cara. sonreír no significa emoción, fruncir el ceño no significa desaprobación. El corazón, el rostro y la mente no siempre funcionan al unísono. Suelen trabajar con cadenas de mando.
Las buenas noticias nos dan salud.
Las buenas noticias son saludables para nuestros huesos, pero las malas noticias son la podredumbre de los huesos. Las buenas noticias dan salud a nuestras almas. Por supuesto, nunca fuimos hechos para recibir malas noticias, nunca fuimos conectados de esa manera, es por eso que las malas noticias nos hacen sentir muy mal, causan estrés emocional y crean ansiedad en nosotros. Las malas noticias perturban nuestra paz interior y nos causan mucha preocupación, y depende de la magnitud de la noticia y de seguro recibir malas noticias constantemente te causará trastornos mentales y de salud mental que se reflejarán en tu bienestar físico.
Y el mundo está lleno de malas noticias. Cuando enciendes tu televisor, es casi seguro que recibirás una mala noticia. Por supuesto, los medios de comunicación se especializan en transmitir malas noticias ignorando las buenas. El hecho de que una gran población del mundo tenga problemas mentales se puede atribuir a las noticias que reciben a diario.
Sabiduría de los sabios
No puedes rodearte de personas que sólo dan noticias negativas y esperan tener buena salud.
Si puedo citar las palabras del sabio rey Salomón: “Las palabras del chismoso son como llagas, y bajan hasta lo más profundo del vientre”. Esto muestra lo importantes que pueden ser las palabras para nosotros. A veces las palabras que escuchamos pueden sentirse como objetos punzantes que han atravesado nuestro cuerpo. Algunas personas usan las palabras como armas contra otras personas, y las palabras son armas efectivas:;
En otro lugar de sus proverbios, el rey Salomón dijo que “Las palabras de la boca del hombre son como aguas profundas, y la fuente de la sabiduría como arroyo que fluye”. (proverbios 18:4). Esto muestra que las palabras pueden causar refrigerio en las almas.
Nuevamente se dice “Como aguas frías para el alma sedienta, así son las buenas noticias de un país lejano”.
Todos estos dichos y muchos otros que no mencionaré aquí enfatizan la importancia de las buenas noticias para el ser humano.
mundo corrupto
La naturaleza corrupta del hombre ha hecho que el hombre reciba malas noticias constantemente, haciendo que la presencia de buenas noticias sea muy rara en su vida. Hemos cuidado tanto las cosas materiales y lo que necesitamos tener que rara vez somos felices. Rara vez nos enviamos tarjetas de felicitación o enviamos pequeños obsequios a nuestros amigos solo por diversión. Estamos constantemente persiguiendo la bolsa e ignoramos a las personas que no parecen ayudarnos a perseguirla. Sin embargo, estamos rodeados de noticias sobre depresión económica, alto costo de vida e inflación. Cuanto más ganamos, más gastamos y nuestra búsqueda de la felicidad parece una ilusión. Las buenas noticias son raras y están repletas de malas.
Las noticias de las redes sociales sobre la escuela, nuestros amigos mostrando su éxito constantemente nos recuerdan lo que no tenemos y despiertan preocupación y descontento dentro de nosotros, luego nos preocupamos más y creamos menos y eso hace que nuestras miserias sean más complicadas.
Cada día nos despertamos con noticias de ataques terroristas, brotes de enfermedades, explosiones, incendios, accidentes de tren, accidentes aéreos, accidentes automovilísticos fatales, delitos, asesinatos, homicidios, violaciones, trata de niños y la lista es larga. Todo esto nos afecta porque el diseñador de nuestro planeta nunca esperó, o más bien no anticipó, que tendríamos todo esto con nosotros. Nuestros cerebros fueron diseñados para trabajar y vivir en felicidad, es por eso que las personas felices prosperan más que las personas rodeadas de negatividad.
¿qué hay de mí?
Por mi parte, no esperen que salte y grite cuando reciba buenas noticias. No muestro emociones. Puedo desaprobar las buenas noticias, pero mi corazón está feliz. Está mal cuando me juzgas por la cara que tengo. Cuando estoy cansado, las buenas noticias no iluminan mi rostro de inmediato. Pero algunas veces pasará antes de que muestre mi entusiasmo. Recibiré buenas noticias y nunca reaccionaré en absoluto, y si eres una mujer que me está dando la noticia, te preguntarás y te confundirás con mi reacción. Esto se debe a que no soy muy rápido en reacciones emocionales, la mente tiene que aprobar la información que ha recibido, es decir, la procesará, cuestionará la autenticidad de la noticia, cuestionará la fuente, cuestionará al portador de la noticia y a veces tarda en acomodarse a la información. realidad de que algo significativo está sucediendo en mi vida.
Pero no me juzgues. Me he enfrentado a muchas dificultades y nada realmente me emociona. He observado y probado la vida en muchos escenarios y he notado que nada realmente importa. He visto riquezas y he estado arruinado, he recibido amor y he sido rechazado. Han recibido malas y buenas noticias a partes iguales. Así que todas las experiencias de la vida han dejado mi corazón entumecido, sin reaccionar nunca a los problemas, pero seguro que responderé a todo lo que reciba, tarde o temprano.
Si resulta que eres mi chica, me cuentas algo y no recibes respuesta alguna, no creas que no te he escuchado ni entendido. El procesamiento de información dentro de mí es totalmente invisible. Sucede en una caja negra, no te dejes engañar por mi cara, sonreír no siempre significa emoción y fruncir el ceño no significa desaprobación. El corazón, el rostro y la mente no siempre funcionan al unísono. Suelen trabajar con cadenas de mando. El cerebro se toma su tiempo para considerar y procesar la información que recibe. Esto puede llevar unos minutos, unas horas o incluso unas semanas, dependiendo de la información que se procese. Si la mente está de acuerdo con lo que recibe, se lo entrega al corazón que almacena la copia de la información. Los algoritmos utilizados en el procesamiento de la información en los hombres son complejos y ocultos. Soy uno de los machos:;
Si me dicen que he ganado un millón de dólares, no me emocionaré de inmediato, primero intentaré relacionar mi vida con alguien que sea millonario. Me imaginaré con un estilo de vida en el que tengo más dinero del que necesito, crearé imágenes mentales de lo que debo comprar y de los lugares a los que iré. Crear imágenes mentales de las personas que atraerá mi nuevo éxito, examinar los peligros involucrados, examinar los desafíos y luego volver a mi realidad ahora mismo. Me preguntaré: “¿Es una tabla o una realidad?”, las dudas en mí me impedirán celebrar de inmediato. Pero cuando la mente demuestre que es una realidad, guardaré las buenas noticias en el corazón y después de unos días mi rostro comenzará a brillar y el gozo en el corazón será evidente.
Each angle from 0o to 90o has a unique tangent ratio which is made when two lines meet to make it.
Every combination of opposite and adjacent lines that makes a right angled triangle has a unique angle which they make.
If we know the acute angle in a right angled triangle, we can use tables of tangents to find it’s corresponding tangent ratio. Similarly, if we know the angle and just one side, we can find the ratio of the angle and then use the tangent relationship to find the other side.
The table of tangents consists of angles of 0o to 90o expressed in 4 significant figures whose tangents has been recorded. All we need to do as mathematician is get a certain angle and find it’s corresponding ratio from the tables.
Angles in the table of tangents are expressed in degrees and points of degrees as well as in minutes. 1 degree (1o) is equivalent to 60 minutes(60′).
The table of tangents is divided into three major columns as shown in the table extract below:
The first column is the column with the column head labelled xo which represents whole number degrees from 0o to 90o .
The second column consists of 0.0o to 0.9o which divides a degree into 10 smaller units hence giving an accuracy of 0.1o.
The third column is the one labelled ADD column and provides the second decimal value of the angle. Using the table of tangents, we can find angles upto to second decimal places.
Example
Determine the tangent of 36.57o
solution
In the column labelled xo , look for the row headed 36 and then move along this row until you reach 0.5. The number at the intersection of 36 and 0.5 is 0.7400
note that the number is recorded as 7400 and not 0.7400. This is done to save on space but you should check the first column after 36, That is, column headed 0.0, whatever value that is stated on that row in that column should be used as the starting value for all the columns in that row.
so tan 36.5 =0.7400, to get the value for tan 36.57, we go to the add column and check on the column 0.07 and add it’s value on the far right of our previous value we read from the table. In this case it is 19 and should be read as 0.0019
hence tan 36.57 should be 0.7400+0.0019 = 0.7419
Example
Use tables to find the tangent of 77o48′
solution
1o=60′, hence 48′ = (48′ x 1o)/60′ = 0.8o
then 77o48′ can be expressed as 77.8o
From the tables, you identify row 77 at xo column then move upto to the column 0.8 and read off that value at the intersection. This value is 0.6252 hence tan 77o48′ = tan 77.8o = 0.6252
Rara vez rompo las reglas. Entiendo la importancia de las reglas, que existen para protegernos y crear un entorno habitable para todos. La mayoría de las reglas y regulaciones, ya sean escolares, parlamentarias, oficinas o en las carreteras, están destinadas a crear el mayor bien para el mayor número de personas. Lo último que me gustaría tener es un conflicto con las autoridades por romper la regla. Sin embargo, alguna vez me encontré en el lado equivocado de la ley en un hotel que visité y traspasé áreas que eran ilegales. Odié la confrontación con el personal de seguridad pero me disculpé. No fue intencional, sólo que no estaba familiarizado con las reglas.
Si me encuentro en una nueva ubicación, me esforzaré por aprender a manejarla. Lo primero que buscaré son las reglas y regulaciones escritas. Odio estar en ofensas y en llamar la atención. Odio tener que dar explicaciones ante las autoridades, lo evitaré a toda costa, para no perder tiempo y recursos preciosos tratando de liberarme de la culpa.
Si me encuentro en un nuevo equipo o lugar, lo primero que hago es informarme sobre el código de ética y las normas sociales escritas y no escritas.
El único momento en el que puedo romper la regla es cuando mostrar misericordia a alguien será mejor que su destrucción. Las reglas no deberían quitarnos las humanidades. Tuve un caso en el que un miembro del personal infringe las reglas que pueden costarle el trabajo, bueno, la regla dice que debo reportarme, pero después de que los citan y consideran su despido, sus ingresos se perderán, habrá hijos y esposa que sufrir. Mucha gente puede sufrir cuando seguimos las reglas al pie de la letra. A veces, el uso de reglas y regulaciones causa más destrucción que bien. Se ha enviado a personas tras las rejas por un error que no hizo daño a nadie, pero cuando lo piensas, verás que no había necesidad de hacerles sufrir pérdida de tiempo y angustia de espíritu, especialmente cuando estaban arrepentidos. Las reglas y regulaciones pueden ser crueles y causar sufrimientos indecibles a personas inocentes. Las reglas son buenas, pero deben aplicarse con cuidado para no hacer más daño que bien.
Se suponía que los seres humanos debían guiarse por el razonamiento humano, el amor, la compasión y el cuidado mutuo, de modo que en tales cosas no se necesitaran leyes ni regulaciones, pero debido a que el ser humano se corrompe y, por lo tanto, se vuelve malvado y perverso, se necesitan reglas y regulaciones. Hay que prepararlo para domar su naturaleza corrupta.
Las reglas son buenas, pero se debe usar más el razonamiento, el instinto y el amor humanos, porque las reglas las hacen los humanos, solo deben guiarlos pero no gobernarlos. El razonamiento humano tiene reglas mayores y se deben aplicar reglas cuando el razonamiento y los instintos son disfuncionales.
En todas las aplicaciones del derecho, debemos adoptar la filosofía; “la misericordia supera a la justicia”
I rarely break rules. I understand importance of rules, that are there to protect us and create a habitable environment for everyone. Most of rules an regulations, be it school, parliament, offices or on the roads are meant to create greatest good to greatest number of people. The last thing i would like to have is conflict with authorities because of breaking the rule. However, I have ever found myself in the wrong side of a law in a hotel i visited and trespassed into areas that were illegal. I hated the confrontation with the security personnel but i apologized. It was not intentional, only that i was not familiar with the rules.
If i happen to be in a new location, i will strive to learn my way around. The first thing i will seek to find is the written rules and regulation. I hate being in offences and in attracting attention. I hate it when i have to explain myself to authorities, i will avoid it at all cost, lest i waste precious time and resources trying to clear myself from guilt.
If a find myself in a new team or place, the first thing i do is find out about code of ethics, written and unwritten social norms.
The only time i can break the rule, is when showing mercy to somebody will be better than their destruction. Rules should not take away humanities from us. I had a case when a member of staff break rules that can cost their job, well, the rule says i should report, but after they are summoned and considered for sacking, their income will be lost, there will be children and wife that will suffer. Many people can suffer when we follow rules to the letter. Sometimes, use of rules and regulations causes more destruction than it does good. People have been sent behind bars for a mistake that did not do harm to anyone, but when you think about it, you will see that, there was no need to cause them suffer loss of time and anguish of spirit especially when they were remorseful. Rules and regulations can be cruel and can cause innocent people to go through untold sufferings. Rules are good, but should be applied with care lest we do more harm than good.
Human beings were supposed to be guided by human reasoning, love, compassion, care for one another so that in such things, no law or regulations should be needed, but because of human being being corrupted and hence becoming evil and wicked, rules and regulations has to be set to tame his corrupted nature.
Rules are good, but human reasoning , instinct and love should be used more, because rules are made by human, they should only guide but not rule them. Human reasoning is greater rules and rules should be applied when reasoning and instincts are dysfunctional.
In all applications of law, we should adopt the philosophy; “mercy surpasses Justice”
Angle θ is sitted on line AB and it faces line BC. AB makes a right angle with BC.
AB is refered as the adjacent side of Angle θ because the θ lies on it.
Side BC is known as the opposite side of angle θ because θ directly faces it.
In the figure shown above, BC=8.70cm and Ab=9.90cm.
I introduce a new line DE, FG, ,IJ, KL and MN all parallel to BC shown.
The ratio BC/AB = 8.70cm/9.8cm = 0.8876 to 4 decimal places.
similarly the ratio DE/AE = 7.2cm/8.2cm = 0.8780
FG/AG = 5.6cm/6.3cm = 0.8888
IJ/AJ = 4.0cm/4.6cm = 0.8696
KL/AL = 2.7/3.1 = 0.8710
MN/AN = 1.7/1.90 = 0.8947
As can be seen, all the ratios of opposite sides over the adjacent sides is approaching a constant value an all will be 0.9 when rounded to 1 decimal places. Further investigation of ratios of opposite sides versus adjacent sides reveals that such a ratio gives a constant value for a given angle. Such constant value is the tangent of that angle θ and is referred to as the tangent of angle θ usually denoted as tan θ .
By definition, the tangent of a given angle is the ratio of the opposite side to the adjacent side. That is:
and in short form:
Exercise
Express tan θ as a fraction in the figure below
Solution
practice question
Study the triangle below an express the angle θ as a tan ratio leaving your answer as a fraction.
Consider a circle of radius r on a Cartesian plane centered at point o(a,b) as shown in figure below. A point p on the circumference of the circle has an arbitrary point (x, y).
line OQ an QP makes a right angle triangle with the radius r of the circle such OP=r, OQ = x-a and QP=y-b.
using Pythagoras’ theorem: (x-a)2 + (y-b)2 = r2.
Hence the general equation of a circle is given as:
(x-a)2 + (y-b)2 = r2.
where:
r is the radius of the circle
(a, b) are the coordinates at the center of the circle
(x,y) is an arbitrary point on the circumference of the circle.
Example
Find the equation of a circle centered at (4, 5) and with radius of 3 units.
At my age, they were happily married and working at different enterprises. Dad was working as a driver and mum was managing a small grocery in our local area. We were not rich but lacked nothing. They were strict parents and quarried once in a while.If quarried, they dis-communicated each other but never separated, each day i caught them exchanging loving glances, and even wondered whether they were pretending to quarrel before us . They were buying us clothes and comfortably paying our school fees. We did not have most of what we wanted but did not lack most of things we needed.
My mum taught how to pray, my dad used to buy news paper and he has read it, i took it and read it cover to cover. That is where i learnt to communicate in English. My Dad used to listen to football commentators in a small radio receiver and i sat next to him following with uttermost concentration. Am a good commentator even today, and i love football.
Now they are aging gracefully but when am at their age, i have not started parenting.
oxford dictionary defines law as the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties. Therefore a law is a set of guidelines that has been laid down by members of society which they enforce in an attempt to create peaceful and health social environment within themselves. In law, there constitutes rules and regulations telling members of society about do’s and dont’s allowed and disallowed in their society.
First of all, laws are good. Imagine if there was no law. Probably you have heard or experienced a society where there is no law. Such a society is characterized by chaos, people are robbed and injured, gangs crop up and set their own rules, Women are raped, business people are robbed and killed, destroying production of goods and services and many evils are introduced.
There are various types of laws, some favors us and some are not so friendly to us. The legal profession may have a way they categorize laws, but for me, i will describe categories of laws in terms of natural laws,constitution,spiritual laws and professional laws. This categorization may not be necessarily acceptable in a legal profession, but it is upon them, for me, it will help explain my points.
Natural laws
This are laws that formed without involvement of man. They dictates the happenings of the universe. Among them are physical laws like laws of gravity. This laws ensure everybody remains on the ground and if they want to move some distances above the ground, they have to create objects like planes and parachutes that uses laws of aerodynamics. Natural laws dictates the behavior of human and animals. Both the beasts and human beings can behave the same way under natural laws because they don’t require reasoning. For instance every living thing will look for ways to find food when they are hungry, and they behaves a certain way in order to reproduce. According to king Solomon in his Philosophies he wrote, “I said in mine heart concerning the estate of the sons of men, that God might manifest them, and that they might see that they themselves are beasts. For that which befalleth the sons of men befalleth beasts; even one thing befalleth them: as the one dieth, so dieth the other; yea, they have all one breath; so that a man hath no preeminence above a beast: for all is vanity.”-Holy Bible,Ecclesiastes 3:18-19.
Another example of natural law is aging. Both humans and beasts get old and their rate of aging is governed by the lifespan allocated their species. Another natural law that operates is that animals want to mate on attaining a certain age and men are directed to marry at one point of their lives.
The law of the land
These are what we call constitution and is usually drafted by rulers of a territory. It is the rule that governs the land and it causes the citizens of a country be subject to it. It is a law that causes people punished if they acts contrary to what is written in the law. Most often, the way of enforcing this law is by court orders, conviction, police cells, sanctions and sending people to prisons.
Social laws
This are laws that operates in small groups and dictates how members of society behaves towards each other. Some of this laws can be found in constitutions but others are not well defined. For example, in each society there is a way female and males are supposed to behave infront of each other. This laws are expressed in terms of good habit or social norms. For instance in some societies, two members of opposite gender cannot touch each other anyhow in public, if they do, the law of the land may not have power to punish them, but members of society may frown on them and term their behaviors as an acceptable.
Spiritual laws
This are laws that govern our behaviors towards the supernatural, They causes us to regard the super deity even when we cannot see them. They are laws prescribed by priests of our religion. They are laws governed by religious beliefs and described in holy books. Breaking of this laws may not be punishable in the constitutions nor in society, but they may create guilt or cause conflict between us and the gods.
Professional laws
They are laws that are government by members of a given professional bodies and may not operate outside our the professions. Each profession has its own rules and regulation and laws that govern it. Young professions sometimes they tend to hate some of this laws in a profession but they are good, and when followed they contribute to the well being of members of that profession and their clients.
what law to change
I wont like to change laws because most of them helps stability of the universe. Pressure laws in physics ensures our lungs don’t blow off or objects in our houses don’t fly off. Stable society are maintained when they create good laws. Most often, laws are more beneficial that they are harmful
However, if i had power, i would change the law of aging, and ensure that youth age can be prolonged by 100 years, because it is the best moments of one’s life time but very short. As far as where i live is concerned, am comfortable with the law.
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