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COMMUNICATION THEORY
Introduction

As a human being,   you have to   communicate because human beings are social beings that needs constant communication and interacts with each other through communication. Communication helps you   to relate effectively with other people and human beings depend on their communication skills to help them meet their needs, find happiness and attain personal fulfillment.In the course of our life, we get involved in many types of communication. A challenge with human communication is to communicate as effectively as possible and to build communication skills so that communication works for you and not against you. Your knowledge of communication theory will help you understand better the different ways of communicating first as a human being and secondly as scholar.

Defining Communication

Different people have defined communication variously.   Gamble and Gamble (1993) define communication as a desirable or accidental transfer of meaning.

The Oxford Dictionary defines communication as the activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or process of giving information to people.

Wilber Schramm defines communication as a mechanism through which human relations exist and develop through sharing of experience on basis of commonness.

Another meaning of communication according to Oxford dictionary is methods of sending information especially telephones, radio, computers or other media or through roads, railway and air.

Communication is more than mere transferring of ideas or thoughts. It is not a static act as some definitions suggest but it is a dynamic process of action and interaction towards a desired goal.   Recent definitions look at communication as a process of sharing or exchange of ideas, information, knowledge, attitude or feeling among two or more persons through certain signs, symbols and behavior.

Elements of Communication

In every act or encounter of communication, there are certain common elements that together help define the communication process. If you understand these elements they will help you to develop your own communication abilities.

Communication involves the following elements:

Source

This refers to the communicator or originator of a message. This person is also called the sender. The sender at times becomes the receiver of a message. Source is where communication process is initiated.

Context

This refers to place and time communication takes place in some context or setting. The setting or environment influences the way you act towards others or determines the nature of communication encounter you share with them. For example, you can change your posture, manner of speaking or attire due to environment. The environment can reduce your confidence, blur your thinking or increase tension and confusion. In other hand, environment can encourage you to communicate effectively if it is friendly.

Message

message is what is being communicated.

In every communication, we all send and receive both verbal and non-verbal
messages. A message is the content of a communication act.

Channel

Channel is where message will pass through in order to move from the sender to the receiver. It refers to the medium of transmission like, voice and radio. Messages may be sent and received through both verbal and non-verbal channels. In effect, we are multi-channel communicators. For effective communication, use more than one channel at any given time.

Receiver

This is the target of the message relayed by the sender through the communication channel and is the one who is supposed to receive and comprehends the message. The receiver can understand or misunderstand the message in totality or part of it. This can distort the whole communication process and even lead to misuderstanding and possible conflicts. A lot of conflicts among people have resulted from misinterpretation of messages. A receiver at times in communication becomes a source or sender.

Feedback

This is the response a message sender receives from the target as the reaction of the message sent. When we communicate with one or more persons, we also receive information in return. Verbal or non-verbal cues that we perceive in reaction to our communication are feedback. Feedback tells us how we are progressing. Feedback can be positive or negative.

Barriers

Anything that interferes or distorts our ability to send or receive messages is called a barrier. It could be created by physical state, psychological state, intellectual ability and environment. Barriers to effective communication can therefore be grouped as follows:
- Physical:- for example, size of room, position or location, gestures of speaker in case of verbal communication.
- Psychological:– for example predisposition of receiver, attitude to subject, speaker, race, education level. etc.
- Intellectual ability: – level of education, background and knowledge on the subject.
- Physiological state:- for example, sickness, hungry, tired.
- Linguistic: – Ability of the receiver of the communication to understand words and expressions used in the communication.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION

Understanding And Insight

We depend on communication to develop self-awareness. Communication helps us in understanding others and self.

Meaningful Relationships

It is through communication contacts that human beings basic physical and social needs are met. Psychology tells us that you need other people just as you need water, food and shelter. If you are cut from human contact, you become disoriented and maladjusted. Communication offers us the chance to satisfy our needs for inclusion, control and affection.

Influence And Persuasion

In every communication, people have ample chances to influence each other subtly and overtly. We spend much time trying to persuade one another to think as we think, do what we do, like what we like.

Related Topics
February 16, 2024
las emociones
En resumen

Si resulta que eres mi chica, me cuentas algo y no recibes respuesta alguna, no creas que no te he escuchado ni entendido. El procesamiento de información dentro de mí es totalmente invisible. Sucede en una caja negra, no os dejéis engañar por mi cara. sonreír no significa emoción, fruncir el ceño no significa desaprobación. El corazón, el rostro y la mente no siempre funcionan al unísono. Suelen trabajar con cadenas de mando.

Las buenas noticias nos dan salud.

Las buenas noticias son saludables para nuestros huesos, pero las malas noticias son la podredumbre de los huesos. Las buenas noticias dan salud a nuestras almas. Por supuesto, nunca fuimos hechos para recibir malas noticias, nunca fuimos conectados de esa manera, es por eso que las malas noticias nos hacen sentir muy mal, causan estrés emocional y crean ansiedad en nosotros. Las malas noticias perturban nuestra paz interior y nos causan mucha preocupación, y depende de la magnitud de la noticia y de seguro recibir malas noticias constantemente te causará trastornos mentales y de salud mental que se reflejarán en tu bienestar físico.

Y el mundo está lleno de malas noticias. Cuando enciendes tu televisor, es casi seguro que recibirás una mala noticia. Por supuesto, los medios de comunicación se especializan en transmitir malas noticias ignorando las buenas. El hecho de que una gran población del mundo tenga problemas mentales se puede atribuir a las noticias que reciben a diario.

Sabiduría de los sabios

No puedes rodearte de personas que sólo dan noticias negativas y esperan tener buena salud.

Si puedo citar las palabras del sabio rey Salomón: “Las palabras del chismoso son como llagas, y bajan hasta lo más profundo del vientre”. Esto muestra lo importantes que pueden ser las palabras para nosotros. A veces las palabras que escuchamos pueden sentirse como objetos punzantes que han atravesado nuestro cuerpo. Algunas personas usan las palabras como armas contra otras personas, y las palabras son armas efectivas:;

En otro lugar de sus proverbios, el rey Salomón dijo que “Las palabras de la boca del hombre son como aguas profundas, y la fuente de la sabiduría como arroyo que fluye”. (proverbios 18:4). Esto muestra que las palabras pueden causar refrigerio en las almas.

Nuevamente se dice “Como aguas frías para el alma sedienta, así son las buenas noticias de un país lejano”.

Todos estos dichos y muchos otros que no mencionaré aquí enfatizan la importancia de las buenas noticias para el ser humano.

mundo corrupto

La naturaleza corrupta del hombre ha hecho que el hombre reciba malas noticias constantemente, haciendo que la presencia de buenas noticias sea muy rara en su vida. Hemos cuidado tanto las cosas materiales y lo que necesitamos tener que rara vez somos felices. Rara vez nos enviamos tarjetas de felicitación o enviamos pequeños obsequios a nuestros amigos solo por diversión. Estamos constantemente persiguiendo la bolsa e ignoramos a las personas que no parecen ayudarnos a perseguirla. Sin embargo, estamos rodeados de noticias sobre depresión económica, alto costo de vida e inflación. Cuanto más ganamos, más gastamos y nuestra búsqueda de la felicidad parece una ilusión. Las buenas noticias son raras y están repletas de malas.

Las noticias de las redes sociales sobre la escuela, nuestros amigos mostrando su éxito constantemente nos recuerdan lo que no tenemos y despiertan preocupación y descontento dentro de nosotros, luego nos preocupamos más y creamos menos y eso hace que nuestras miserias sean más complicadas.

Cada día nos despertamos con noticias de ataques terroristas, brotes de enfermedades, explosiones, incendios, accidentes de tren, accidentes aéreos, accidentes automovilísticos fatales, delitos, asesinatos, homicidios, violaciones, trata de niños y la lista es larga. Todo esto nos afecta porque el diseñador de nuestro planeta nunca esperó, o más bien no anticipó, que tendríamos todo esto con nosotros. Nuestros cerebros fueron diseñados para trabajar y vivir en felicidad, es por eso que las personas felices prosperan más que las personas rodeadas de negatividad.

¿qué hay de mí?

Por mi parte, no esperen que salte y grite cuando reciba buenas noticias. No muestro emociones. Puedo desaprobar las buenas noticias, pero mi corazón está feliz. Está mal cuando me juzgas por la cara que tengo. Cuando estoy cansado, las buenas noticias no iluminan mi rostro de inmediato. Pero algunas veces pasará antes de que muestre mi entusiasmo. Recibiré buenas noticias y nunca reaccionaré en absoluto, y si eres una mujer que me está dando la noticia, te preguntarás y te confundirás con mi reacción. Esto se debe a que no soy muy rápido en reacciones emocionales, la mente tiene que aprobar la información que ha recibido, es decir, la procesará, cuestionará la autenticidad de la noticia, cuestionará la fuente, cuestionará al portador de la noticia y a veces tarda en acomodarse a la información. realidad de que algo significativo está sucediendo en mi vida.

Pero no me juzgues. Me he enfrentado a muchas dificultades y nada realmente me emociona. He observado y probado la vida en muchos escenarios y he notado que nada realmente importa. He visto riquezas y he estado arruinado, he recibido amor y he sido rechazado. Han recibido malas y buenas noticias a partes iguales. Así que todas las experiencias de la vida han dejado mi corazón entumecido, sin reaccionar nunca a los problemas, pero seguro que responderé a todo lo que reciba, tarde o temprano.

Si resulta que eres mi chica, me cuentas algo y no recibes respuesta alguna, no creas que no te he escuchado ni entendido. El procesamiento de información dentro de mí es totalmente invisible. Sucede en una caja negra, no te dejes engañar por mi cara, sonreír no siempre significa emoción y fruncir el ceño no significa desaprobación. El corazón, el rostro y la mente no siempre funcionan al unísono. Suelen trabajar con cadenas de mando. El cerebro se toma su tiempo para considerar y procesar la información que recibe. Esto puede llevar unos minutos, unas horas o incluso unas semanas, dependiendo de la información que se procese. Si la mente está de acuerdo con lo que recibe, se lo entrega al corazón que almacena la copia de la información. Los algoritmos utilizados en el procesamiento de la información en los hombres son complejos y ocultos. Soy uno de los machos:;

Si me dicen que he ganado un millón de dólares, no me emocionaré de inmediato, primero intentaré relacionar mi vida con alguien que sea millonario. Me imaginaré con un estilo de vida en el que tengo más dinero del que necesito, crearé imágenes mentales de lo que debo comprar y de los lugares a los que iré. Crear imágenes mentales de las personas que atraerá mi nuevo éxito, examinar los peligros involucrados, examinar los desafíos y luego volver a mi realidad ahora mismo. Me preguntaré: “¿Es una tabla o una realidad?”, las dudas en mí me impedirán celebrar de inmediato. Pero cuando la mente demuestre que es una realidad, guardaré las buenas noticias en el corazón y después de unos días mi rostro comenzará a brillar y el gozo en el corazón será evidente.

Temas relacionados
February 15, 2024
Table of tangents
Each angle from 0^oto 90^o has a unique tangent ratio which is made when two lines meet to make it.

Every combination of opposite and adjacent lines that makes a right angled triangle has a unique angle which they make.

If we know the acute angle in a right angled triangle, we can use tables of tangents to find it’s corresponding tangent ratio. Similarly, if we know the angle and just one side, we can find the ratio of the angle and then use the tangent relationship to find the other side.

The table of tangents consists of angles of 0^o to 90^o expressed in 4 significant figures whose tangents has been recorded. All we need to do as mathematician is get a certain angle and find it’s corresponding ratio from the tables.

Angles in the table of tangents are expressed in degrees and points of degrees as well as in minutes. 1 degree (1^o) is equivalent to 60 minutes(60′).

The table of tangents is divided into three major columns as shown in the table extract below:

The first column is the column with the column head labelled x^o which represents whole number degrees from 0^o to 90^o .

The second column consists of 0.0^o to 0.9^o which divides a degree into 10 smaller units hence giving an accuracy of 0.1^o.

The third column is the one labelled ADD column and provides the second decimal value of the angle. Using the table of tangents, we can find angles upto to second decimal places.

Example

Determine the tangent of 36.57^o

solution

In the column labelled xo , look for the row headed 36 and then move along this row until you reach 0.5. The number at the intersection of 36 and 0.5 is 0.7400

note that the number is recorded as 7400 and not 0.7400. This is done to save on space but you should check the first column after 36, That is, column headed 0.0, whatever value that is stated on that row in that column should be used as the starting value for all the columns in that row.

so tan 36.5 =0.7400, to get the value for tan 36.57, we go to the add column and check on the column 0.07 and add it’s value on the far right of our previous value we read from the table. In this case it is 19 and should be read as 0.0019

hence tan 36.57 should be 0.7400+0.0019 = 0.7419

Example

Use tables to find the tangent of 77^o48′

solution

1^o=60′, hence 48′ = (48′ x 1^o)/60′ = 0.8^o

then 77^o48′ can be expressed as 77.8^o

From the tables, you identify row 77 at x^o column then move upto to the column 0.8 and read off that value at the intersection. This value is 0.6252 hence tan 77^o48′ = tan 77.8^o = 0.6252

Related Topics
February 15, 2024
me atengo a las reglas
Rara vez rompo las reglas. Entiendo la importancia de las reglas, que existen para protegernos y crear un entorno habitable para todos. La mayoría de las reglas y regulaciones, ya sean escolares, parlamentarias, oficinas o en las carreteras, están destinadas a crear el mayor bien para el mayor número de personas. Lo último que me gustaría tener es un conflicto con las autoridades por romper la regla. Sin embargo, alguna vez me encontré en el lado equivocado de la ley en un hotel que visité y traspasé áreas que eran ilegales. Odié la confrontación con el personal de seguridad pero me disculpé. No fue intencional, sólo que no estaba familiarizado con las reglas.

Si me encuentro en una nueva ubicación, me esforzaré por aprender a manejarla. Lo primero que buscaré son las reglas y regulaciones escritas. Odio estar en ofensas y en llamar la atención. Odio tener que dar explicaciones ante las autoridades, lo evitaré a toda costa, para no perder tiempo y recursos preciosos tratando de liberarme de la culpa.

Si me encuentro en un nuevo equipo o lugar, lo primero que hago es informarme sobre el código de ética y las normas sociales escritas y no escritas.

El único momento en el que puedo romper la regla es cuando mostrar misericordia a alguien será mejor que su destrucción. Las reglas no deberían quitarnos las humanidades. Tuve un caso en el que un miembro del personal infringe las reglas que pueden costarle el trabajo, bueno, la regla dice que debo reportarme, pero después de que los citan y consideran su despido, sus ingresos se perderán, habrá hijos y esposa que sufrir. Mucha gente puede sufrir cuando seguimos las reglas al pie de la letra. A veces, el uso de reglas y regulaciones causa más destrucción que bien. Se ha enviado a personas tras las rejas por un error que no hizo daño a nadie, pero cuando lo piensas, verás que no había necesidad de hacerles sufrir pérdida de tiempo y angustia de espíritu, especialmente cuando estaban arrepentidos. Las reglas y regulaciones pueden ser crueles y causar sufrimientos indecibles a personas inocentes. Las reglas son buenas, pero deben aplicarse con cuidado para no hacer más daño que bien.

Se suponía que los seres humanos debían guiarse por el razonamiento humano, el amor, la compasión y el cuidado mutuo, de modo que en tales cosas no se necesitaran leyes ni regulaciones, pero debido a que el ser humano se corrompe y, por lo tanto, se vuelve malvado y perverso, se necesitan reglas y regulaciones. Hay que prepararlo para domar su naturaleza corrupta.

Las reglas son buenas, pero se debe usar más el razonamiento, el instinto y el amor humanos, porque las reglas las hacen los humanos, solo deben guiarlos pero no gobernarlos. El razonamiento humano tiene reglas mayores y se deben aplicar reglas cuando el razonamiento y los instintos son disfuncionales.

En todas las aplicaciones del derecho, debemos adoptar la filosofía; “la misericordia supera a la justicia”

Relacionar temas
- Por qué necesitamos leyes
- Las emociones del él
February 15, 2024
I stick to the rules
Daily writing prompt
Have you ever unintentionally broken the law?
View all responses

I rarely break rules. I understand importance of rules, that are there to protect us and create a habitable environment for everyone. Most of rules an regulations, be it school, parliament, offices or on the roads are meant to create greatest good to greatest number of people. The last thing i would like to have is conflict with authorities because of breaking the rule. However, I have ever found myself in the wrong side of a law in a hotel i visited and trespassed into areas that were illegal. I hated the confrontation with the security personnel but i apologized. It was not intentional, only that i was not familiar with the rules.

If i happen to be in a new location, i will strive to learn my way around. The first thing i will seek to find is the written rules and regulation. I hate being in offences and in attracting attention. I hate it when i have to explain myself to authorities, i will avoid it at all cost, lest i waste precious time and resources trying to clear myself from guilt.

If a find myself in a new team or place, the first thing i do is find out about code of ethics, written and unwritten social norms.

The only time i can break the rule, is when showing mercy to somebody will be better than their destruction. Rules should not take away humanities from us. I had a case when a member of staff break rules that can cost their job, well, the rule says i should report, but after they are summoned and considered for sacking, their income will be lost, there will be children and wife that will suffer. Many people can suffer when we follow rules to the letter. Sometimes, use of rules and regulations causes more destruction than it does good. People have been sent behind bars for a mistake that did not do harm to anyone, but when you think about it, you will see that, there was no need to cause them suffer loss of time and anguish of spirit especially when they were remorseful. Rules and regulations can be cruel and can cause innocent people to go through untold sufferings. Rules are good, but should be applied with care lest we do more harm than good.

Human beings were supposed to be guided by human reasoning, love, compassion, care for one another so that in such things, no law or regulations should be needed, but because of human being being corrupted and hence becoming evil and wicked, rules and regulations has to be set to tame his corrupted nature.

Rules are good, but human reasoning , instinct and love should be used more, because rules are made by human, they should only guide but not rule them. Human reasoning is greater rules and rules should be applied when reasoning and instincts are dysfunctional.

In all applications of law, we should adopt the philosophy; “mercy surpasses Justice”

Relate Topics
- Why we need laws
- The He Emotions
February 15, 2024
The tangents of an angle
Consider a triangle ABC shown below.

Angle θ is sitted on line AB and it faces line BC. AB makes a right angle with BC.

AB is refered as the adjacent side of Angle θ because the θ lies on it.

Side BC is known as the opposite side of angle θ because θ directly faces it.

In the figure shown above, BC=8.70cm and Ab=9.90cm.

I introduce a new line DE, FG, ,IJ, KL and MN all parallel to BC shown.

The ratio BC/AB = 8.70cm/9.8cm = 0.8876 to 4 decimal places.

similarly the ratio DE/AE = 7.2cm/8.2cm = 0.8780

FG/AG = 5.6cm/6.3cm = 0.8888

IJ/AJ = 4.0cm/4.6cm = 0.8696

KL/AL = 2.7/3.1 = 0.8710

MN/AN = 1.7/1.90 = 0.8947

As can be seen, all the ratios of opposite sides over the adjacent sides is approaching a constant value an all will be 0.9 when rounded to 1 decimal places. Further investigation of ratios of opposite sides versus adjacent sides reveals that such a ratio gives a constant value for a given angle. Such constant value is the tangent of that angle θ and is referred to as the tangent of angle θ usually denoted as tan θ .

By definition, the tangent of a given angle is the ratio of the opposite side to the adjacent side. That is:

and in short form:

Exercise

Express tan θ as a fraction in the figure below

Solution

practice question

Study the triangle below an express the angle θ as a tan ratio leaving your answer as a fraction.
← Back
Thank you for your response. ✨
Answer:
Related Topics
February 14, 2024
The equation of a circle
Consider a circle of radius r on a Cartesian plane centered at point o(a,b) as shown in figure below. A point p on the circumference of the circle has an arbitrary point (x, y).

line OQ an QP makes a right angle triangle with the radius r of the circle such OP=r, OQ = x-a and QP=y-b.

using Pythagoras’ theorem: (x-a)² + (y-b)² = r².

Hence the general equation of a circle is given as:

(x-a)² + (y-b)² = r².

where:
- r is the radius of the circle
- (a, b) are the coordinates at the center of the circle
- (x,y) is an arbitrary point on the circumference of the circle.
Example

Find the equation of a circle centered at (4, 5) and with radius of 3 units.

Solution

Recall the equation: (x-a)² + (y-b)² = r²

a=4, b=5, r=3

hence (x-4)²+(y-5)²= 3²

=x²– 4x- 4x+ 16+ y²– 5y- 5y + 25= 9

x²-8x + 16 + y² – 10y + 25 = 9

x²– 8x + y²– 10y+ 41=9

x² – 8x + y² – 10y + 32=0

Related posts
February 13, 2024
Density
definition

Density is mass of a substance contained it it’s unit volume.

Density is usually represented by rho (ρ)

The SI Unit of density is kilogram per cubic meter, that is; (kgm^-3)

A common unit of density is grams per cubic centimeter (gcm^-3) which is very common in day to day measurement of density.

Formula for density

we can use symbols alone to write expressions about density when solving problems involving density.

we should be able to convert densities expressed in Kilogram per cubic meter(kgm^-3) into grams per cubic centimeter (gcm^-3). In many cases, conversion from on unit of measurement to another is usually necessary. Let say we want to change 1kgm^-3 into grams per cubic centimeter (gcm^-3) . 1kgm^-3 means that:

Now we convert 1 kg into grams remembering that, 1 kg =1000 grams and 1 cubic meter into cubic centimeters;

remembering that 1m³ = 1000000 cm³

hence 1 kgm^-3 = 0.001 gcm^-3

then dividing by 0.001 gcm^-3 on both sides:

hence 1 gcm^-3 is equivalent to 1000 kgm^-3

Example

The density of a substance in a lab is expressed as 5g/cm³. Express it’s density in SI Unit.

solution

The SI unit of density is kilogram per cubic meter. We therefore change grams into kilograms and cubic centimeter into cubic meter.

expressing density in terms of grams and cubic centimeters:

1 000,000 cm³ = 1 m³ hence :

hence

=5000 kgm^-3

Practice Questions
1. A glass block measures 180mm by 80 mm by 20 mm. It’s mass is 280 g. Determine it’s density in SI Units
2. A certain metal has it’s density given as 1.9gcm-3. If 50000 kg of such metal was purchased by a company. what volume did it occupy?
Related Topics
February 6, 2024
Tradition may not mean much
I think it is perfectly in order for people to shun their traditions

My community has many family traditions. I know very little about any because I have never been involved with any. I left home when still young and joined school far from home.

Am not a social person, spends most of time alone and won’t attend social functions. All that I care about is philosophy I have read in books, science and religion.

I have not believed on tradition because I usually use what is working now, not what is usually done.

Among the areas of society where tradition is strictly followed is in marriage and relationships. I have not followed those traditions practices. Everyone in my community who is my age is married with their youngest kid at least in grade 5. Am still dating and enjoying it.

In my community people believe you should marry at 20s so that you can raise children when young. I believe that you should marry when at 40s and so I have some more years before I settle down. Life is too short to entangle yourself with marriage when still under 30.

I believe people should concentrate more on self discovery before they engage in relationships.

When in my community, marriage is given very high regard, I have personal philosophy that I postulates that, self discovery should precede marriage. Never marry before you discover your purpose.

Where marriage and relationships is a beautiful thing, I don’t think people should marry before they discover who they were meant to be by the creator. It will make your relationship even more meaningful.

My nuclear family has not meaningful tradition because as an influencial member of the family, I have not given much attention to traditions, so my family have adopted my philosophy of four pillars of life: Beauty, Justices, love and pursuit of purpose.

So my siblings loves and supports each other very much. Am encouraged by their unity. I like it because each one of them want to pursue their purpose to it’s logical conclusion. We look for justice and mercy in every matter of our family. And we want to create a beautiful life for everyone. We strive to do that and that is what we live for. That is our tradition which will live in all our generations. All other traditions we will follow NOT if they will not subscribe to our philosophy.

Related Topics
January 31, 2024
poor leadership

Bloganuary writing prompt
What do you complain about the most?
View all responses

i dislike it when people are unkind to one another

January 30, 2024