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  • Phase and Phase Difference

    Phase and Phase Difference

    The word phase in normal usage means any stage in a series of events or in a process of development.

    cambridge University dictionary defines phase as one of the stages or points in a repeating process measured from a specific starting point.

    Two Waves can be of the same amplitude but with the different frequencies as shown in figure below.

    The wave profile P makes it’s one complete oscillations before wave Q. Wave P has shorter wavelength compared to Q and hence P has higher frequency.

    We can also see that P has smaller period as waves with shorter wavelength has smaller period.

    Wave P completes it’s first cycle at A while Q finishes it’s first oscillation at B. We can say that P is leading Q. The maximum displacement of the two waves is the same hence they are operating at the same amplitude but different frequency. The two waves are said to be out of phase.Think about two radio receivers tuned to two different stations but with equal volume.

    waves can also be of the same frequency but different amplitudes. Think of when we tune in our two radio receivers to the same station and then set them at different volumes

    The figure below illustrates two waves operating at same frequency but at different amplitudes.

    As can be seen from the diagram, one wave is having more displacement than the other one but they are arriving at the same horizontal position simultaneously. We say they are in phase.

    Pendulum bobs in phase

    To further illustrate the concept of phase and out of phase oscillations, consider two identical pendulums with bobs P and Q below.

    The two masses, P and Q are set in oscillation by giving them some displacement on the left and then releasing them simultaneously. Because they have equal displacement and released at the same time , they will pass through the lowest point Y at the same time as they move on to the opposite direction.. They attain displacement together at Z and swing back together to complete the oscillation at x.

    At any particular moment, the two masses will be moving in the same direction and at the same level of displacement in their oscillations.The masses are said to be oscillating in phase.

    Particles in a wave motion which happens to be oscillating in the same direction and at the same level of displacement in their oscillation are said to be in phase.

    The diagram below have highlighted two positions of particles A and B. The particles are in the same displacement level from the reference line and they are both facing the same direction as indicated by the arrows. The particles A and B are said to be in phase and their distance apart is the wavelength λ of the wave motion whereas time taken to move from A to B is the periodic time T.

    Particles in a wave motion can be in phase even if they have different amplitude.

    In our previous pendulum oscillation of mass P and Q ; If P is Initially given a larger displacement than Q, the two will oscillate i n phase even though P will always be at a larger magnitude of displacement than Q.

    A typical displacement time graph for two wave motions in phase with different amplitudes is shown below.

    two waves in phase at different amplitude.

    Oscillations out of phase

    Consider two masses P and Q displaced from opposite directions from each other as in figure below.

    When released simultaneously, they pass through the rest position at the same time as they move in the opposite direction and they reach a point of maximum displacement at the same time but their maximum displacement is in opposite direction to each other.

    180o out of phase

    The two objects above are always at the opposite levels of displacement and their oscillations opposite direction to each other and they are said to be in opposite phase.

    Wave motions that have same displacement and makes complete oscillations at the same time with their maximum displacements in exact opposite to each other are said to be in 180o phase difference (180o out of phase).

    The figure below shows two wave motions at 180o phase difference.

    90o out of phase

    suppose in our pendulum oscillations we displaces the objects P and Q to X ; we release Q before P and then we release p when Q is exactly at Y. The angle of oscillation between P and Q will be 90o in difference and the resulting oscillation will be 90o out of phase.

    The displacement time graph for waves 90o out of phase is illustrated below.

    two waves can be out of phase at any angle. We are likely to see that in our future lessons

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  • Installing Git on windows

    Installing Git on windows

    Visit https://gitforwindows.org/ and download the latest version of Git software, then press the download button shown.

    The software package we download comes with a bunch of tools that can be very hady like Bash emulation environment where we can run all Git commands and a bunch of Unix like utilities. The downloaded package also comes with GUI that we can use to interact with Git.

    on clicking the Git-2.44.0-64-bit.exe file, the first window we get is the licence of the software as shown

    After scrolling through the licence agreement and being satisfied with tem, click next. The next window is for installation path. If you are an expert user, you may want to change the installation path, but the default path is sufficient for any user.

    The next window let us select additional components to add to our Git installation. By default, Git integrates with the window Explorer to let us run Git command line or the Git Graphical interface in the current folder.

    The software package comes with an extension for improving the support of how large files like audios or videos get stored in the version control system and it is recommendable to leave it checked.

    The installer will register the git configuration files as files that should be opened with a text editor and the .sh files that should be executed with bash.

    There is no harm on enabling all other options, but on my side, i like stability, so i have avoided the ‘check daily for Git for windows updates’. We click next.

    We get prompted for the name of the folder where we want to create all the shortcuts. Accepting the default name ‘Git ‘ is just fine so we go Next.

    Next window will require us choose the code editor. You may want to adjust the default because it may not be the editor you are most comfortable with. Mine has been adjusted to select visual studio code as the default editor.

    Other options includes:

    • sublime Text
    • visual studio code Insiders
    • Atom
    • VsCodium
    • Notepad
    • Wordpad
    • other editors

    ‘Other editor’ option means can select any other editor we want to use by entering the path to the editors executable files.

    The next window let us choose between accepting Git default branch name or let us use our own customized branch name. We leave the second option for the experts and choose the first one.

    The next window let us choose how we want to adjust the path environment.

    Choosing the first option will make Git only accessible through the embedded command line that comes with the bundle.

    The second option which is the selected one by default, allows us to execute Git from the embedded command line and from the Windows Command prompt and also from PowerShell and other softwares that will be looking for Git in path.

    The third option will add the Unix-like tools that comes with Git to the windows Command Prompt. With this option, any commands that have the same name as those in the OS will come from the bundle and not from the basic OS.

    We Choose the second option which was also selected by default and go to Next.

    The next window let us choose how we want to validate the SSL certificates used for HTTPS connections. You choose the second option if you need to interact with your company’s internal systems.

    Here we choose the default one as we will only be interacting with Github.

    The next window let us select what we want to do about the line endings. The Git software let us choose how we want to handle characters used to indicate end of the line as they are different in windows, linux and macOS.

    The first option works well when you are using your windows computer to collaborate with others using a different OS.

    The second option keeps the line endings unchanged when copying the files locally and use Unix endings for the files stored in Git. This would work well if you are using a Unix like OS or if you are only editing through Unix-Like editors on Windows.

    The third option is to do no conversion at all though it doesn’t work well if you are trying to work with people using different OS. It is only suitable if everyone is using the same OS.

    We select the first one.

    The next window let us choose the terminal emulator.

    The software bundle comes with it’s own terminal emulator that includes a bunch of nice features like nice Unicode support and a long history of command we can scroll. We choose the first one which is selected by default.

    The next window let us choose what happens when we pull a file from the Github repository.

    The rest of the windows we should use the selected option by default and move on.

    Go next

    press Next

    Press the install button to install the software

    After installation is complete, you can click finish to launch the git.

    Clicking launch button should launch the MINGW64 command terminal as show, where you can type git commands.

    You may need to check on release notes that is launched together with the commandline window, otherwise you have successfully installed Git in your windows computer

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  • Getting started with Git

    Getting started with Git

    who is Git?

    Git is a version control system that was created in 2005 by Linus Torvalds who was also the brainchild behind the Linux kernel. It was originally created to help manage the task of developing the linux kernel because alot of geographically distributed programmers were being involved in developing the linux system.

    Git is an open source and one of the most popular version control system with millions of projects under if’s care.

    One advantage of Git is that it is a distributed system meaning that every person contributing to a project can maintain the copy of the project they send to a common reservoir in their own development machine.

    Collaborators can share their work and be able to see what others are doing in the project anytime they need to do so. To enhance collaboration in a project, a common directory, usually refered to as the repository is setup on a server so as to act as a common point from which all participants can interact.

    Git can work as a standalone program, as a server or as a client such that you can use it offline and then you can send (push) the files you have created to the online directory once you are connected.

    You can use Git as a server on a machine where you want to host your repository and also as a client to access the repository from another machine or on the same machine.

    Git uses http,ssh or it’s own special protocols to communicate with Git servers over the network.

    Git is suitable for small projects that need one or few developers and also suitable for large project that brings together thousands of contributors. It is useful in tracking private work on personal projects but even more important, it is used to share work with others by hosting a code on public servers like Github,Gitlab and others.

    You can find more about git on git-scm.com which is the official website for Git. Git-SCM stands for Git Source Control management which is the same as Version Control System(VCS).

    One reason Git is soo popular is that it is has a multiplatform support and so it will fit in windows, macOS and linux with ease.

    Installing Git

    Git could already be installed in your computer. To check if it is already there, issue the following command:

    git --version

    To install git, you can use package management systems like:

    For windows installation, you will simply download an executable file and follow prompts. Windows installation comes with a preloaded with a MinGw64 that enables us to operate on windows with the same command and tools used on Linux.

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  • Version Control

    Version Control

    A version control is the practice of tracking and managing changes to software code. In Information Technology, we manage information across a lot of different files . The software developed must be maintained and this involves adding some new codes, deleting some, commenting some lines of code and modifying others. Other times we develop new version of the software that we expect to replace the old one.

    When changing software files, it is very important to keep detailed historical information for changes made in the file because anything can go wrong when you change a software files.

    Few weeks after you make changes, you may not have an idea what changed and so it is important to have a mechanism where you and your team can track what was modified and when incase there is need for troubleshooting.

    Version control provides a documentation trail that will let you and your team know why the infrastructure is the way it is and provides you with mechanism for undoing changes where necessary. Version Control is very hardy in software development as it helps reduce greatly the errors and bugs that maybe introduced when we change a software file.

    To avoid headaches involved in broken codes due to changes done, you can use a version control system to easily roll back your code to a version that was working before the change that caused the breakdown were done.

    Version control helps us revert our system to a particular state that was working at a particular moment.

    It is always safer to go back to a software version that had been working correctly before the change was made so as you can fix problems that occurs in changes without problems of a broken non-working systems when you are trying to solve issues. This gives you time to carefully examine the code instead of making so many quick fixes just to keep the system running.

    Version controls are crucial in maintaining healthy codebase for IT resources and for enabling many people collaborate on the same coding projects smoothly.

    Examples of version control systems includes:

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  • Density of some substances

    Density of some substances

    The table below shows density of some common substances.

    Please note that density of water being 1.0gcm-3 can be used as a relative density to compare densities of other substances. For example , density of gold is 19.3 times that of water.

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  • Proportion

    Direct proportion

    Two quantities are said to be in direct proportion if they increase or decrease at the same rate.

    The ration between two corresponding values in the two quantities is the same.

    Example

    In a school, 4 teachers serves 80 students.

    (a) how many teachers will be needed for 150 students.

    (b) what number of students can be served by 6 teachers.

    (a)Solution

    The number of students increases by ratio:

    150:80=15:8

    The number of teachers will increase in the same ratio.

    Hence (15/8)*4=approximate 8 teachers. The correct answer from the working is 7.5 but we approximate to the nearest whole number because we cannot have fractional number of teachers.

    (b) solution

    Teachers has increase by the ration 6:4=3:2

    Increase the number of teacher by the same ration:

    (3/2)*80= 120 students

    Inverse proportion

    Two quantities are inversely proportional to each other if increase of one quantity causes decrease of the other quality by the same ratio and decrease of one quantity results to increase of the other quantity.

    Example

    A farmer has enough feed to last her 75 vows for 30 days. If he buys 15 more cows, how long will the feed last now?

    Solution

    cows increases in the ratio 90:75= 6:5

    The feed days decreases by the ratio 5:6, hence, the feed will be used in (5/6)*30=25.

    Meaning if cows increases by 15 based on the current stock value, the feed stock will last 5 days less

  • Nonverbal Communication

    Nonverbal Communication

    This is the kind of communication where messages are passed without word being spoken or being written. However, nonverbal communication has a great impact on the receivers interpretation of any message.

    In summary

    Nonverbal communications occurs in various forms that includes:

    • Body movements
    • Paralanguage
    • personal presentation
    • Proxemics
    • sign languages

    Body movements

    It is also known as the body language. Our body can send communication to other people without us uttering as a single word. kinesics is the field of study that deals with the ways people use their bodies to communicate or supplement their verbal communications. body movements may includes:

    • posture
    • gestures
    • facial expressions
    • eye contacts
    Posture

    posture refers to how your body is positioned. Your body position can send important messages to people and communicate a great deal about you. For example leaning forward in a conversation shows you r greatly interested and you are giving attention to what is being spoken. Leaning backward could mean disinterest or boredom. if you are standing and you reach a wall or a post for support can signify you are tired and no energy for talking.

    Gesture

    This includes movement of hands, fingers, arms or winking of eyes. For example when talking with your arms open wide can signify honesty and openness while talking when fingers interlocked can be interpreted as nervousness.

    Facial Expressions

    This includes arrangement of facial muscles to send a message. Our facial muscles are flexible and so can be rearranged to portray a certain image for communication purposes. We can stretch or relax our mouth, cheeks, eyes,eyelids, forehead, nose or chin to communicate a known symbol. For instance a folded face can show displeasure or a stretched mouth showing disapproval. Our face is the first point of contact when we meet people and hence likely to be the most observed part of our body. Our facial expressions can be read to decode and interpret our emotional feelings, telling whether we are happy, excited, sad, neutral etc.

    eye contacts

    eye contacts can be used to communicate different messages, for example direct eye contacts can communicate interests, intimacy or confident. diverted or downcast eyes may show intimidation or submission. People can avoid eye contacts with you if they are afraid or feel guilty about something they have done against you.

    Para-language

    This is how we speak like how is our pitch,speed of talking, how loud are we and quality of our voice. When we are frightened,anxious or excited, the pitch our voice can rise but it is lower when we sound more powerful or authoritative.

    Volume

    Refers to relative softness or loudness of our voice. Some people talks with loud voice and others in low tones. There are people that feels intimidated by people talking too loudly and others find it hand to concentrate on a speech given in low tones. Volume can be determined by the communication environment. Like in noisy places, even people that talks with low voices could be speaking with high voice because they are trying to raise their voice above the voices in the environment while in quite place, you feel to be in more control and hence you lower your voice.

    Rate

    Rate in speech could be used to mean how many words are given per unit time. People who thinks very fast tends to talk very fast but people who process information slowly will find it difficult following a fast talker.

    Voice quality

    some people has better and pleasant voices than others. A voice could be harsh, calm, strident, soothing etc.

    personal presentation

    How we groom ourselves can determine how we will be perceived by our audience especially when meeting them for the first time. If we appear dressed nicely, it can show we are resourceful, respectable, reliable and organized. If we dress shabbily, it can show we takes things casually or we lack seriousness with our things.

    Grooming habits communicates a great deal about who we are and how we want to be perceived. People can decode different messages based on our hair length, makeups, cologne and perfumes, length of our nails and how we have have painted them, how shiny is our shoes etc

    Touching

    social psychologists argues that touching is the most intimate form of nonverbal communication. Touching means how we use our hands towards the other person

    Proxemics

    It is the study of how we use space. It is attributed to the work of Edward hall in his book, “The Hidden dimension”. Edward argues that, taking a case of two people in a conversation, our personal space can be broken into four zones that includes:

    • Intimate distance(0-18 inches
    • personal distance(18 inches-12 feet)
    • social distance(4 feet – 12 feet)
    • public distance(12 feet – 25 feet)
    Intimate distance

    It is a distance reserved for intimate activities including love making, intimate or confidential conversations, hugging, kissing and snuggling.

    Only our most intimate relationships are permitted in this distance from us and if an invited person invades this space,we usually moves away slightly to maintain the distance. When a stranger invades this distance, we feel threatened and we develop flight or fighting instincts causing us to increase distance between us and them or try to push them away when we are not able to move.

    Personal distance

    It is the distance reserved for conversations with family, friends and close acquaintances. It is a distance that we allow people we feel comfortable with.

    Social distance

    It is the distance we are most comfortable when interacting with people in a way that is not intimate. It is the distance we maintain when interacting with people on a day to day basis for example when transacting business, having meetings, eating in hotels, sitting in bank halls, when talking to police etc.

    public distance

    it is the distance used for public ceremonies, speeches, large group meetings and class lectures. If the distance is greater than 25 feet, communication is characterized with shouting and exaggerated nonverbal gestures. The distance our ears can comfortably receive messages passing through air is quite limited and is subject to distortion from noise and other physical hindrance like diversion and absorption by physical objects.

    sign language

    It involves the use of hands to make symbolic gestures which have specific meanings. Sign language is a skill and a field of study taught in colleges in order to help the people with hearing impairments communicate with the world

    Functions of non-verbal communication
    • Message reinforcement or supplementation of verbal messages
    • negation of verbal messages
    • substitution of verbal messages (when talking is not possible or not allowed)
    • message accentuation (putting emphasis)
    • message regulation (controlling a conversation)

    Importance of nonverbal communication

    • have almost an instant effect because of quicker grasp by the receiver. Speed in conveyance and response makes non-verbal communications very useful in situations like traffic control by police
    • aids verbal communication. By use of nonverbal symbols, a large amount of complex data can be presented in a compact form so that large message can be communicated with just few non-verbal cues.
    • Response to visual symbols and images is usually more powerful than spoken language.
    • It is the best method to communicate with illiterate people or people that don’t understand your language. For example illiterate drivers can understand road signs and directives with non-verbal traffic signals.
    • Helps the hearing impaired communicate, learn and be able to work.
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  • Explaining upthrust force

    Explaining upthrust force

    Objects will weigh less in water than in air.

    Take a spring balance and hang some mass on it. Determine the weight of the mass and then push the mass up slightly with your hand. What have u observed?

    When you place some upward force on a mass hanging on the spring, it’s weight is seemed to reduce as observed by lesser leading of the spring balance.

    When you apply a force upward on the object hanging on a spring balance, you are providing some force that is acting opposite to the weight of the object. Weight is always acting downward on a straight line that is directed towards the center of the earth.

    When you push the object upward, you are reduce the overall resultant downward force by providing some force acting opposite to the weight.

    From the law of addition of forces, when two forces are acting in opposite direction on the same object, then one force is considered positive force and the other one taken as negative force . The total resultant force acting on the object is the algebraic sum of the forces acting on that object Consider the setup below that shows some weight acting on an object hanging freely on air.

    Spring balance measuring some weight

    We consider the force acting on the object which is it’s weight as W and any force applied upward as U as shown.

    Illustrating forces acting on an object hanging on air

    The resultant force will be given as W’=W-U. Where W’ represents the reduced weight.

    If U is greater than W’, then the object will accelerates upward, otherwise it will accelerates downward with reduced force.

    The downward acceleration force is balancing with tensional forces on the spring causing some extension, hence the object remains on the spring balance but causing it to extend in length.

    Upthrust Force

    When an object is immersed in a fluid, the upward forces on the object are provided by pressure in the fluid. That is why objects weighs less in water because some weight of the object is being cancelled out by the upward forces in water. This upward forces produced by fluid on an object is known as the upthrust force. It is the same force that causes object to float in water.

    Illustrating upthrust force,

    However, it is important to note that, for heavier objects falling in air, the upthrust by air is soo small such that it cannot be notices. We say that upthrust of air on an object is negligible.

    Paper and Stone

    If you release a piece of paper and a stone from some distance above the ground, you will notice that the stone reaches the ground faster than the paper. This is because upthrust force on paper is comparable to that of paper, because a piece of paper has very small weight. However, the stone weight is much more than the upthrust that can be provided by paper hence the total resultant downward forces is larger than that of paper hence causing more acceleration downward.

    Later on, we will see that upthrust fall is a characteristic of both volume of the object and density of the fluid.

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  • Dating

    Dating

    Daily writing prompt
    What is the biggest challenge you will face in the next six months?
    View all responses

    Dating is a stage of romantic relationships in which two individuals engage in an activity together, most often with the intention of evaluating each other’s suitability as a partner in a future intimate relationship.
    It falls into the category of courtship, consisting of social events carried out by the couple either alone or with others.

    The reason dating is a challenge is because am an indoor person. I prefer spending time alone, writing or coding. I can easily forget about our dating and this will really upset my partner. Sometimes am soo tired to talk and all i want is just sleep or scroll my phone endlessly without evening seeing what is on the screen, thinking nothing. This is a state i refer as hanging. It happens when i have been teaching the whole day long or have been writing for some hours and so am mentally tired. My partner may wonder why am not calling.

    During dating period, the partners presents the best of themselves to their partner, am not likely to do that because am always real, 24 hours 7 days a week. I will not be different three years later from what you saw in the first day, and so my inability to impress is likely to make me loose good people that are looking for perfection, causing me emotional pain in the process.

    The idea of always going for a date is not pleasant to me because am addicted to indoor activities, hope my partner will enjoy it, otherwise i expect conflict of interests.

    Otherwise i don’t expect any other difficulties in future, because i can manage every situation and everything, except another human being. I can work on computers, repair hardwares and correct softwares, but when it comes to dealing with another human beings, i find it difficult because human beings are complicated creatures. You will upset them when you intends the bests and leave without giving proper explanations. If i have to avoid difficulties, then i have to stay alone for the next six months, and everything about me will be just fine.

    please tell me about what you finds difficult in the comments.

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  • What is communication

    What is communication

    Communication can be described as an active process of exchanging information between individuals using common system of symbols, signs and behavior (wilkinson,1984).

    There are various levels of communication that includes:

    • Intrapersonal level(internal monologue/reflection)
    • Interpersonal level
    • Group Communication
    • mass communication

    Intrapersonal level of Communication

    It is a communication that individuals do within themselves without releasing any message to a target audience outside themselves.

    It is also known as autocommunication or inner speech. It can be described as what you tell yourself.

    It constitutes our own imaginations and our inner thoughts. For example if am preparing for an interview, i would imagine some of the questions that would be asked. I would create a virtual interviewer and imagine them asking me the questions, then i would answer them within myself as if am answering to the panel. All this is intrapersonal because the the participants of the communication resides inside self and no external participants. If i called my sister and i ask her to pretend to be an interviewer, then that would be an interpersonal communication.

    Intrapersonal communication occurs, when you evaluate or examine the interaction that occurs between yourself and others. This form of communication occurs before and during other forms of communication as well. For instance, you might argue with yourself during a conversation in which someone asks you to do something you don’t really want to do and before you accept or decline, you mull over the alternatives in your mind. Intrapersonal communication also includes such activities as solving problems internally, resolving internal conflict, planning for the future, and evaluating yourself and your relationships with others.

    Interpersonal level of communication

    It refers to exchange of information between two or more people and it involves exchange of messages, ideas and information between individuals. It can involves some methods like face-to-face conversations, phone calls, text messages, sending emails, social media chats etc.

    Interpersonal communication can be described as the process of using messages to generate meaning between at least two people in a situation that allows mutual opportunities for both speaking and listening.

    With interpersonal communication, two or more individuals exchange messages using verbal and non-verbal cues.

    Group level Communication

    It refers to communication among three or more individuals with a common goal of sharing ideas and information collaborating on a project,resolving conflicts or negotiations.

    A group is a collection of people with specific goals or objectives.

    Group communication is used to take a collective decision on a problem, an issue or a matter of common interest. Participants involved in group communication takes an active part in communication to achieve a set of goals, develop social contacts or find the solution to a problem that concerns all members of the group.

    Public communication

    It is a communication that happens when a message sender is focused on transmitting a message to a specific group. In public communication, a person or a group of people share information to an audience or give presentation on a certain topic to deliver a certain message. Good examples of public communication is a classroom lecture, sermon or speech from public gatherings.

    People delivering public speech may allow their audience to respond to the message and ask crucial questions.

    Illustrating Communication

    Mass Communication

    It is the process of imparting and exchanging information through mass media to a large group of population using various forms of media technology like print media, radio broadcasting, television broadcasting etc.

    Mass communication focuses on using of a particular resource in transmitting information to various receivers.

    It can also be described as the transmission of messages to many recipients at a time.

    Through mass communication, information can be transmitted quickly to many people who do not necessarily stay near the source of information.

    Mass communications is usually done through various channels that includes:

    • Social networks
    • magazines
    • books
    • films
    • Internet
    • billboards
    • newspapers
    • Radio broadcasts
    • Televisions
    • websites

    components of communication

    There are various components that makes up a communication which includes the message sender, message receiver, the message, channel, feedback, context, barriers and effects.

    Communication is often seen as a transaction and interactive process such that it is a process of constructing meaning by taking into account the different perspectives of the participants.

    communication has three major functions no matter the context in which it is applied:

    • Assists individuals understand subject matter, their environment, job processes, themselves and others.
    • Persuasion and influence
    • Initiate and maintain human relations
    • It is a key to initiating and maintaining human relationships

    Apart from verbal communication where participants rely on the spoken and written words, we also communicate through behavior and by using non-verbal symbols and signs.

    Many a times, non-verbal communication is given more importance than verbal communication because it be more accurate than the verbal one.

    non-verbal communications includes:

    • Facial expressions
    • Gesture
    • Body movements
    • Posture
    • Appearance
    • Dressing
    • Space and distance
    • Tone of voice
    • Paralinguistic features
    • Time and artefacts.

    Paralinguistics encompasses voice elements such as the pitch, volume, tone, intonation, rhythm, and silence and non-voice elements such as facial expressions, body language, hand gestures, and eye contact.

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